In
1948, after the Democrats inserted a modest civil rights plank into its
platform, Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina led a walkout of southern
delegates. Thurmond then formed the States Rights Democratic Party (aka Dixiecrats)
and ran for president. He won four states: Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and
South Carolina. Though he received only 2.4% of the national vote, he garnered 87.2%
of the vote in Mississippi. (African-Americans were unable to vote in most of
the South.) Curiously, another independent candidate, Henry Wallace, who
refused to disavow the endorsement of the Communist Party, and who campaigned
with African-American candidates in the South, also received 2.4% of the
overall vote. But Wallace’s votes were scattered and his effort was deemed a
failure.
In
1964, Barry Goldwater voted against the
Civil Rights Act, one of only six Republican Senators to do so. “We ought to
forget the big cities,” he told his fellow Republicans. “I would like to see
our party back up on integration.” That same year, the Republican National
Committee created the Southern Strategy, a blatant appeal to southern
segregationists, before Goldwater’s eventual nomination. Although Lyndon
Johnson garnered 61% of the overall vote in the general election, Goldwater won
six states. He won his home state, Arizona, along with five southern states: Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi and South Carolina. In Mississippi, where
African Americans were still excluded from the polls, Goldwater received 87.1%
of the white vote.
In
1968, George Wallace ran for president under the banner of the American
Independent Party. As Governor of Alabama, Wallace stood in the doorway at the
University of Alabama in order to prevent four black students from soiling that
sacred institution with their presence. He was also the man who famously
declared, “Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever.” Wallace
won five states: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana and Mississippi. (More
about Wallace in a future rant.)
In
1972, Richard Nixon employed a toned-down Southern Strategy to win seven
southern and border states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi,
Virginia and South Carolina. At the nominating convention, he denounced an
agreement between all-white construction unions in Philadelphia and Black Civil Rights organizations as a quota system antithetical to the American way, a
quota system that his own administration brokered in 1969.
In 1976, the Dems made a southern comeback when
they nominated Jimmy Carter, a born-again Georgian. That flirtation ended
abruptly in 1980 when Ronald Reagan made an appearance at the Neshoba County
Fair in Mississippi on August 3. Extolling the virtues of states’ rights to
an appreciative audience, Reagan promised “to restore to states and local governments
the power that belongs to them.” At the time, Neshoba County had only one claim
to fame. Sixteen years before, the bodies of three civil rights workers, Michael
Schwerner, James Cheney and Andrew Goodman, had been dug out of a levee. Ronald
Reagan won nine southern states in the general election: Alabama, Arkansas,
Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia.
Game, set, match. The solid South was
solid once gain.